October 29 is the 100th anniversary of the establishment of the Republic of Türkiye. The establishment of a new state - the Republic on October 29, 1923, after the Ottoman Empire, which was already withdrawn from the world stage, added a new glorious page to the history of all Turkic peoples.

As is well known from history, consequently the heavy defeats it suffered during the First World War (1914-1918), the Ottoman Empire was not only deprived of its vast geography but also faced the threat of losing its historical territory, a major part of present-day Türkiye.

Under such difficult conditions, Mustafa Kemal Pasha, along with patriotic officers in the Ottoman army, began the fight for the liberation of Türkiye. The struggle that started in the city of Samsun on the Black Sea coast on May 19, 1919, lasted for three years. In December 1919, Mustafa Kemal arrived in Ankara and declared the city as the center of the struggle for Turkish statehood. This decision was made because the ruling power in Istanbul (the government of Sultan Mehmet Vahideddin) had lost control over the country.
   
On April 23, 1920, Mustafa Kemal succeeded in convening the Turkish Grand National Assembly (TGNA) in Ankara, which represented the will of the people. In August 1920, the representatives of the government of Ottoman Türkiye were forced by the winners of the First World War (USA, Britain, France) to sign the Treaty of Sèvres. According to the agreement, the Ottoman Empire was to lose three-quarters of its territories until 1914, and its army and navy were shared by the allied countries. What remained was about one-third of present-day Türkiye.

The Treaty of Sevres caused a great protest in the people, Mustafa Kemal stated that the Turkish people would never agree to this act of surrender. The War of Independence led by Mustafa Kemal expanded even more. The Turkish army, which achieved victories starting in January 1921, emerged victorious from the Sakarya War in August of that year. In August 1922, an offensive operation under Mustafa Kemal's command liberated southwestern Türkiye occupied by the Greek army.
     
With the Victory of August 30, the foundation of the new state was laid. Türkiye succeeded in convening a new international conference in Lausanne to abrogate the Treaty of Sèvres. In July 1923, the final document of the Lausanne Conference annulled the Treaty of Sèvres and fixed the territory of Türkiye within the current borders. On October 2, 1923, the Turkish army drove out the last invading troops - British warships - from the vicinity of Istanbul. 

On October 29, 1923, Mustafa Kemal announced the establishment of the Republic of Türkiye in a speech at the Parliament. Parliament elected Mustafa Kemal as the country's first president, and the formation of the first government was entrusted to one of the army commanders, Ismet Inonu. In April 1924, the first Constitution of the Republic was adopted, officially ending the period of the Ottoman Empire.
   
Mustafa Kemal ensured the indivisibility and consolidation of the country. In 1932, Mustafa Kemal was named Atatürk by the decision of the Parliament. He was elected president four times in total (1923, 1927, 1931, 1935). 
   
In the late 1940s, Türkiye entered a new political era - a multiparty system.

By joining NATO in 1952, Türkiye's international reputation was enhanced.

In 1961, a new Constitution was adopted.

The 1960s and 1970s were marked by internal political upheavals and clashes between religious, leftist, and nationalist forces in Türkiye. Türkiye sent troops to the island in 1974 to end the massacres against Turkish Cypriots and faced serious unfair pressure at the international level.

From 1980 to 2002, Türkiye was governed by coalition governments formed by parties. Economic reforms were not implemented due to frequent changes in government. Türkiye could not avoid crises.
   
In 2002, against the backdrop of the deepening economic crisis in the country, the government coalition collapsed, and the Justice and Development Party (AK Party) under the leadership of Recep Tayyip Erdogan won a two-thirds majority of seats in parliamentary elections held on November 3, becoming the first Turkish party to win an outright majority.

On August 10, 2014, the President was elected by popular vote for the first time in Türkiye. Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan became the new head of the country. Türkiye's state administration partially changed after the referendum held in 2017. The country switched from a parliamentary system to a presidential system, and the post of Prime Minister was abolished. Erdogan elected President in 2018, became the head of both the state and the government.

Türkiye has achieved great strides over the past 20 years under the leadership of the great politician and statesman, President Recep Tayyip Erdogan, and has traveled a great historical path.

Strong Türkiye means strong Azerbaijan and strong Azerbaijan means strong Türkiye. This is always emphasized by the leaders of the two brotherly countries. The clearest expression of this was the Azerbaijan- Türkiye unity in the 44-day Patriotic War of 2020. The Shusha Declaration, signed on June 15, 2021, put a stamp on this union that will remain forever in history. 

The 100th anniversary of the Republic of Türkiye is also celebrated at a high level in Azerbaijan. 

Recommended literature:

1. Mehman Ağayev, Sevinc Əliyeva. Osmanlı Tarixi (dərs vəsaiti). Bakı: ”AVROPA” nəşriyyatı , 2021. 565 s.
2. Əsgərova, Zəminə Məhəmməd qızı. Türkiyədə Azərbaycan diasporunun formalaşması: XX əsr : monoqrafiya / Z. M. Əsgərova ; layihənin rəh. Y. M. Mahmudov ; AMEA A.A. Bakıxanov adına Tarix İnstitutu. - Bakı : Afpoliqraf, 2021. - 164 s.
3. Yaqublu, Nəsiman Qara oğlu. Türkiyənin azərbaycanlılara müstəqillik mücadiləsində dəstəyi : Sovetlər dönəmi: 1920-1991-ci illər / N. Q. Yaqublu ; elmi red. S. R. Məmmədli. - Bakı : Abşeron Nəşr, 2009. - 196 s.
4. Qaraoğlu, Fazil. Türk millətinin tarixi, qurduğu dövlətlər və ata-babaları / F. Qaraoğlu ; baş red. Ə. Əmirbəyli ; red. B. Abdullayev. - Bakı : Nurlar NPM, 2007. - 384 s.
5. Qafarov, Vasif Vaqif oğlu. Azərbaycan Türkiyə-Rusiya münasibətlərində: 1918-1922 : monoqrafiya / V. V. Qafarov ; ön sözün müəl., elmi red. Y. M. Mahmudov ; AMEA A.A. Bakıxanov adına Tarix İnstitutu. - Bakı : Mütərcim, 2020. - 472 s.
6. İsmayılov, İsrafil Zakir oğlu. Azərbaycan-Türkiyə mədəni əlaqələri XX əsrdə / İ. Z. İsmayılov. - Bakı : [n. y.], 2004. - 154 s.
7. Azerbaycan Cumhuriyeti : 1918-1920: Osmanlı Arşiv Belgeleri / tert.: Q. Şükürov, V. Qafarov ; ed. Y. Özger. - İstanbul : TEAS Press, 2018. - 707 s.